Chapter Wise (Punjab Board 2025
Download 9th Class Chemistry Short Questions with answers, chapter-wise solved notes and important questions for Punjab Board 2025 exams. Free PDF available.
▶ Chapter - 1 States of Matter and Phase Changes
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| 1. What is Chemistry? | The branch of science which deals with the composition, properties and structure of substances, and changes in matter is called chemistry. |
| 2. What is physical chemistry? | The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of physical properties and physical behavior of material things is called physical chemistry. |
| 3. What is the scope of physical chemistry? | Physical Chemistry studies how substances behave at atomic or molecular level.It is used to predict and change rates od reaction and conditions to carry out the reactions on industrial scale. |
| 4.What is inorganic chemistry? | The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the synthesis , composition and properties of compounds that do not contain hydrogen and carbon bonds is called inorganic chemistry. |
| 5. What is the scope of Inorganic Chemistry? | It deals with inorganiic compounds which are used as fuels, medicine, catalyst, pigments, etc. |
| 6. What is organic chemistry? | The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of hydrocarbons, their derivatives and simple salts like carbonates bicarbonates oxides and carbides is called organic chemistry. |
| 7. What is the scope of organic Chemistry? | This branch is us4d to study the structure, formation, oproperties, composition and reactions of carbon containing compounds. |
| 8. What is environmental chemistry? | Environmental chemistry deals with the study of environment. It is the scientific study of the bio-chemical and chemical pehnomenon that occur in this planet. |
| 9. What is the scope of environmental chemistry? | 1. The causes, effects and solutions of different types of pollution is understand by environmental chemistry. 2. The sources, reactions, facts, and fates of chemical specie is studied in environmental chemistry. |
| 10. What is analytical chemistry? | Analytical chemistry deals with the analysis (seperation, identification and determination) of different substances. |
| 11. What is nuclear chemistry? | The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of reactions taking place in the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear chemistry. It includes radioactivity, transformation, and nuclear processes in the nuclei of an atom. |
| 12. What is the scope of nuclear chemistry? | It is used in medical treatment, enery production (electricity), and preservation of food. |
| 13. What is polymer chemistry? | The study of properties, synthesis and structure of polymers and macro molecules. It is used to study building blocks. |
| 14. What is geo chemistry? | This branch of chemistry deals with the study of chemical composition of earth and its minerals and sources is called geo chemistry. |
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▶ Chapter - 2 Atomic Structure
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▶ Chapter - 3 Chemical Bonding
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▶ Chapter - 4 Stoichiometry
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▶ Chapter - 5 Energetics
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▶ Chapter - 6 Equilibria
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▶ Chapter - 7 Acid Base Chemistry
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▶ Chapter - 8 Periodic Table and Periodicity
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▶ Chapter - 9 Group Properties and Elements
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▶ Chapter - 10 Environmental Chemistry
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▶ Chapter - 11 Hydrocarbons
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| 1. What are hydrocarbons? | The organic compounds which contains hydrogen and carbon only are called hydrocarbons such as Methane, Ethane, etc. They are classified into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. |
| 2. what is the essential element of all organic compounds? | Carbon is an essential element of all organic compounds. |
| 3. What is organic chemistry? | The branch of chemistry which deals with the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and their derivatives is called organic chemistry. Or The chemistry of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. |
| 4. What are organic compounds? | They are large and complex molecules in nature such as proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, nucleic acids, fibers , etc. |
| 5. What kind of bond does carbon atom make? | Carbon atom makes four covalent bonds with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or halogens. |
| 6. What are saturated compounds? | When carbon forms single covalent bond with other atoms, they compounds are called saturated. For example, Methane is a saturated compound because carbon makes four single covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms in it. |
| 7. What is catenation? | Catenation is the self-linking property of carbon in which it forms long, straight, branched chains and rings of molecules. |
| 8. What is methane? | It is the simplest saturated alkane which is used as a fuel and to make hydrogen gas, chloroform, carbon black, carbon disulphide, hydrocyanic acid, etc. |
| 9. What are alkanes? | Alkanes are the simplest family of hydrocarbons with only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single covalent bond. These are called saturated hydrocarbons. They are represented by general formula CnH2n+2. |
| 10. Why alkanes are called saturated hydrocarbons? | Alkanes are called saturated hydrocarbons because all the four valencies of carbon in them are fully utilized either by hydrogen atoms or by other carbon atoms. For example in ethane CH3-CH3 bothe the carbon atoms are fully saturated with single bonds. |
| 11. How can we prepare alkanes in laboratory? | We can prepare alkanes by cracking higher hydrocarbons, reduction of alkenes and alkynes, and reduction of alkyl halides in the presence of heat and catalyst. |
| 12. What is cracking? | Cracking is the name of a process in which hydrocarbons with higher molecular masses are broken up into smaller hydrocarbons in the presence of high temperature and catalyst. |
| 13. How alkanes are produced by alkenes and alkynes? | Alkanes can be prepared by reducing alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen gas in the presence of nickel metal as a catalyst. |
| 14. How alkanes are produced by the reduction Alkyl halides? | Alkyl halides (R-X) can be reduced to alkanes with hydrogen generated by reation of zinc metal with hydrochloric acid. |
| 15. What is fractional distillation of petroleum? | Fractional distillation of petroleum gives naphtha which consists of a mixture of liquid hudrocarbons. It is then heated at around 500oC in the presence of catalyst called zeolite to give hydrocarbons which have five to ten carbon atoms. |
| 16. What is halogenation? | when methan CH4 (alkane) is heated in the presence of UV light and chlorine Cl, the hydrogen atom of alkane is substituted by atom/atoms of halogens especially chlorine Cl to give alkyl halides. This reaction is called halogenation, substitution reaction or photochemical substitution reaction. |
| 17. What is combustion? | Alkanes burn in oxygen or air to form CO2 and H2O with the evolution of large amount of heat. The reaction is called combustion. |
| 18. How do you compare the boiling poibnt of n-butane with iso-butane? | n-Butane has a higher boiling point than iso-butane due to its linear structure, which allows stronger Vander Waals forces compared to the branched structure of iso-butane. |
| 19. Why are organic compounds not generallay soluable in water? | Organic compounds are non-polar, while water is polar. Due to the "like dissolves like" principle, non-polar substances do not dissolve well in polar solvents like water. |
| 20. Why does a mixture of natural gas and air explode? | The mixture forms a highhly combustible combination. When ignited, it releases energy rapidly, causing an explosion. |
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| What is the difference between organic compounds and hydrocarbons? | Organic compounds include biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, synthetic fibers, nucleic acids, and pharmaceuticals. Hydrocarbons are large and simple organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only such as compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gel (LPG), natural gas, diesel, petrol and kerosine oil. Other examples of hydrocarbons include medicines, paints, varnishes, synthetic fibres, plastics, etc. |
| What is IUPAC system of nomenclature? | The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has introduced a systematic way of naming organic compounds called IUPAC nomenclature. According to this system, the entire name of an organic compound has three parts: (i) Root: It tells us the number of carbon atoms in the longest continous chain present in the molecule. (ii) Suffix: It is added after the root and tells us about the class of organic compounds. (iii) Prefix: It is indicated before the root and tells us about the group or groups attached to the longest chain. |
| Describe the importance of organic compounds in daily life? | Organic compounds are essential in our lives. They are found in food, fuels (petrol, diesel, natural gas), clothing (cotton, wool, polyster), medicines, polastics, cosmetics and more. They form the basis of modern life. |
▶ Chapter - 12 Empirical Data Collection and Analysis
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| What is meant by science? | Science is the systematic study of this world through observation and experimentation. It has now become a method of making sense of the world in which we live. |
| What is SI Units? | SI Units are the standard units for physical quantities in which we measure them. These are maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). These units are based on precise and definite standards. |
| What is Meter? | Meter is a standard unit of length which is denoted by 'm'. It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in about 300 millionth of a second. |
| What is kilogram? | Kilogram is the standard unit of mass and is denoted by 'kg'. |
| What is second? | Second is the unit of time which is denoted by 's'. It is the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of the cesium-133 atom. |
| What is kelvin? | Kelvin is the standard unit of temperature and is denoted by 'K'. It is the temperature at which all the states of water exist at the same time. |
| What is mole? | Mole is the base unit of the amount of pure substance (having 6.022 * 10^23 particles) and it is denoted by 'mol'. |
| What are derived units? | The SI units of the base quantites (such as volume, density, area, etc.) are called derived units. For example, cubic metre, kg per cubiuic metre and square meter are the SI derived units of volume, density and area respectively. |
| Why do we measure the masses of the reactants in grams? | The masses of the reactants are measured in grams because the unit of measurement of molar mass consists of grams per mole which enables us to find a mole of a substance. |
| Why do we measure temperature in celsius scale rather kelvin in Chemistry? | Celsius scale is used to measure temperature in Chemistry because of the following reasons. (i) It is morte convenient to use. (ii) It is easier to convert temperature on Celsius scale into Kelvin scale. The equation [ K = C + 273 ] is used for conversion. |
| What is error? | Error means the level of uncertainty in measurement. It is the difference between the measured value and the actual value. It occurs due to insufficient skill of the student making the measaurement and the limitation of measuring instrumement. |
| What is systematic error? | A systematic error occures when the measuring instrument gives incorrect results. |
| What is random error? | A random error occures when a student records two or more measurements slightly different from one another. |
| What is accuracy? | Accuracy means how close a measurement is to the true value. For example, if the true length of a rod is 50.0 cm and your measurement is 49.9 cm, your measurement is accurate. |
| What is precision? | Precision is the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. For example, if you measure the length of a rod several times and get 48.9 cm, 49.0 cm, and 48.9 cm, your results are precise (close to each other) — even if the actual length is 50.0 cm. |
| What is consistency of results? | Consistency of results means getting same result when a measurement is taken during an experiment under same conditions. |
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| How can you avoid systematic errors in your measurements? | (i) Calibrate instruments properly. (ii) Avoid faulty equipment. (iii) Use proper measurement technique. |
▶ Chapter - 13 Laboratory and Practical Skills
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| 1. What is chemical laboratory? | A place where a student is trained to observe the physical and chemical properties of substances by following defined procedures is called a chemical laboratory. |
| 2. Which safety measures should we follow in laboratory? | (i) We should act upon the following safety measure: (ii) Do not pour the chemicals down the drains. (iii) Keep chemical waste disposal in associated drums. (iv) Keep all sink traps and floor drains clean. (v) Acids and bases are first neutralized before disposing. |
| 3. What are explosive chemicals? | Explosive chemicals cause a sudden release of gas, pressure and heat when the experience sudden shock. For example, picric acid, benzoyl peroxide, etc. |
| 4. What are flammable chemicals? | Flammable chemical have flashpoint around room temperature. For example, acetone, benzene, methylated spirit, etc. |
| 5. What are corrosive chemicals? | Corrosive chemicals damage living tissues when they come in contact with them. |
| 6. Write 2 safety precautions for avoiding corrosive chemicals. | (i) Use corrosive chemicals in a fume cupboard to avoid breathing corrosive vapours. (ii) Ensure eye wash and emergency shower is available. |
| 7. What is a toxic chemical? | A poisonnous material which is capable of causing serious health problems is called a toxic chemical. For example, chlorine, ammonia, pesticides, mercury, hydrogen cyanide, etc. |
| 8. Write 2 safety instructions for toxic chemicals. | (i) Wear gloves, masks or other protective devices. (ii) Wash your hands with soap and water after you finished. |
| 9. What is the cause of reactive chemical hazards? | When a chemical reaction is not performed properly, it may cause explosions or fire due to the production of dangerous gases. This kind of reaction may result to an extreme damage to life and property. For example, calcium hydrise, Na, Li, etc. |
| 10. Write 2 safety instructions for avoiding reactive chemical hazards. | (i) Handle reactive chemical with care and do not use excessive amount for experiments. (ii) After use carefully dispose off every dangerous material. |
| 11. What is meant by radiation hazards? | Radioactive materials emit radiations (alpha, beta and gamma particles). When a person comes in contact with a high dose of these radiations, they can damage tissues, organs and cause hair loss, radiatiobn burn, vmiting, etc. |
| 12. What are the safety measures for avoiding radiation hazards? | (i) Wear protective clothing such as gloves, face mask, glasses, etc. (ii) Glass equipment must be shielded by wrapping with tape. |
| 13. What are asphyxiation hazards? | The type of hazardz in which a gas or vapours can cause unconsciouness or death through suffocation are called asphyxiation hazards. For example, carbon monooxide, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane, etc. |
| 14. Write 2 safety instructions for asphyxiation hazards. | (i) Wear full laboratory coat, long trousers, glassses and gloves. (ii) Dispose off the waste strictly according to the instructions. |
| 15. What is personal protective equipment (PPE)? | The items such as protective glasses, face shields, apron, hearing protection, boots, and lab coat are called personal protective equipment. These are useful to avoid hazardous chemicals. |
| 16. What is the use of portable fire extinguisher? | It is an equipment that is used to control a small fire if it is applied by a student accidentally. |
| 17. How fire caused by chemicals should be handled? | (i) Stay calm and do not panic. (ii) Alert people in the area to evacuate> |
| 18. Why emergency drills are important to face emergency sitation? | (i) They prepare individuals to respond effectively in real emergencies. (ii) They reduce panic and ensure timely evacaution or intervention. |
| Long Questions | Answers |
| 1. Write down five such common safety instructions which are used to avoid all types of hazards. | (a) Never eat and drink in the laboratory. (b) Always wear personal protective equipment. (c) Store chemicals in labeled containers. (d) Dispose off waste according to environmental regulations. (e) Familarize yourself with the storage of safety equipment, water resources, fire extinguisher, emergency exit and chemicals. |
| 2. Explain the importance of warning signs and symbols to avoid any accident in the laboratory. | The signs and symbols communicate vital safety information at a glance. These enforce to observe specific precautions. These help in preventing acidents by guiding, proper handling and storage. |
